Gushyira mu bikorwa ASJ ikurikirana ibisigisigi bigezweho mukubaka amashanyarazi inyubako

Ibisobanuro: Hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu cyanjye, imibereho y’abaturage nayo yagiye ikomeza kunozwa, kandi n’abaturage bakoresha amashanyarazi bakomeje kwiyongera.Mu gihe ibikoresho bitandukanye byo mu rugo byorohereza ubuzima bw’abantu, banatezimbere ubuzima bwabo ku rugero runaka. Ubuzima nabwo bwateje akaga gakomeye. Mu kubaka amashanyarazi, niba hari ikibazo cyo kumeneka, bizagira ingaruka mubuzima bwa buri munsi kandi byugarije ubuzima bwabantu. Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe gukoresha tekinoloji yo gukingira no kongeramo ibikoresho byo gukingira amashanyarazi muri sisitemu y’amashanyarazi kugirango utuze kandi neza amahirwe yo guhungabana amashanyarazi kubakozi bubaka.

Ijambo ryibanze: kumeneka amashanyarazi; kubaka; amashanyarazi

0.Ibisobanuro

Kubaka amashanyarazi yinyubako, hari ibintu byinshi bishobora gutera kubaka amashanyarazi adafite umutekano. Muncamake, zirimo cyane cyane: Kubikorwa byumushinga, umuyoboro woroheje numubare munini winsinga bivamo intera ntoya mumiyoboro hamwe nubushuhe budahagije bwo gukwirakwiza. Byongeye kandi, ubuhanga bwa tekiniki bwabakozi bubaka buri hasi, kandi kubaka ntibishobora gukorwa ukurikije ibishushanyo. Izi mpanuka nukwihutisha gusaza kwurwego rwimigozi no kugabanya ubuzima bwa serivisi bwumushinga. Ibikoresho byangirika ntabwo byahanaguwe neza, uburyo bwo guhinduranya ntabwo bwaciye insinga ya fase, ndetse ninsinga ya fase yahujwe nu mugozi wumugozi wumutwe wamatara. Kwishyiriraho sock bihindura umwanya wicyuma cya fase nicyuma kidafite aho kibogamiye, kandi ibibazo byinsinga zicyuma cya fase kumurongo wo hejuru hamwe ninsinga zidafite aho zibogamiye nibibazo byumutekano bisanzwe mubikorwa byinsinga. Abakozi benshi bubaka bakunze kumugara. Mubikoresho byo gushyiramo catheter, amajwi ya catheters yicyuma ntabwo avurwa, hasigara burr nyinshi kuri nozzles. Ibi byuma byangiza ni ikibazo gikomeye cyumutekano: ibi burr mugihe cyo kubaka urudodo Biroroshye guca urwego rwimigozi rwinsinga, kandi ingaruka ntizishoboka. Iyo ikibazo kimaze kugaragara, urumuri ruzatera uruziga rugufi kandi imbaraga zizagorana gusana, kandi zikomeye zishobora gutera umuriro. Mugihe cyo kubaka sisitemu yo gukingira inkuba. Uburyo bwo kumanura hasi buratandukanye. Bamwe bakoresha ibyuma bizengurutse ibyuma, kandi bamwe bakoresha ibice bine byingenzi byimbaraga zinkingi zubatswe kugirango barambike kurukuta cyangwa imbere yinkingi. Niba gusudira byabuze mugihe cyo kubaka, bizanasiga umutekano muke. Ingaruka ni: kubura cyangwa kubura gusudira ibyuma bizengurutse, birashoboka cyane ko umuyobozi wamanuka azabura inshingano zabyo, kandi sisitemu yo gukingira inkuba ntizashobora gukora imirimo isanzwe.

1.Amahame yo gukoresha tekinoroji yo gukingira imyanda mu kubaka amashanyarazi

1) Ukurikije ihame ryo kurinda ishingiro. Ingingo idafite aho ibogamiye ya sisitemu yo hasi yububasha bwo kubaka amashanyarazi muri rusange ntabwo iba ihagaze, bityo mugihe gikora gisanzwe cya sisitemu, igikonjo cyicyuma cyibikoresho byamashanyarazi kigomba kuba gihagaze, kandi icyuma cyibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi nacyo kigomba kuba ishingiro. Ibirimo byihariye bikubiyemo ibintu bikurikira: icya mbere, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bigendanwa, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bigendanwa, ibyuma byuma, amazu, imashini zihindura amashanyarazi nibindi bikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibikoresho byohereza bigomba guhagarara; icya kabiri, lisansi, mazutu nibindi bikoresho byicyuma Igikonoshwa cyumubiri kigomba kuba gihagaze; icya gatatu, ahubatswe, inzira ya lift, scafolds, kuzamura jib crane, masta, nibindi bifite uburebure burenga cm 20 nabyo bigomba guhagarara; icya kane, gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi agasanduku hamwe nogukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, urubuga rwakazi rwa Welders, nibindi bigomba kuba bifite ishingiro. Icya gatanu, ahazubakwa, ingingo ebyiri cyangwa zirenga zigomba gushyirwaho hejuru yumuriro wamashanyarazi, gantry crane, umunara wa crane nizindi nzira. Cyane cyane kubihuza inzira, gutunganya amashanyarazi bigomba gukorwa, kandi kurwanya node bigomba kugenzurwa muri 4 oms. Niba hari igitambambuga cyo guhagarara mumurongo, birakenewe guhuza neza igitonyanga cyumuhanda kumurongo unyuze mumurongo uhuza. Icya gatandatu, ibishishwa byicyuma hamwe nuduce twibikoresho byamashanyarazi kumurongo winkingi bigomba guhagarara.

2) Ukurikije ihame ryo kurinda zeru. Mubikorwa bisanzwe byo kubaka amashanyarazi yinyubako, ibice bitagaragajwe byerekanwe bimwe mubikoresho byamashanyarazi nabyo bigomba gukingirwa zeru, harimo nibi bikurikira: Icya mbere, ikadiri yicyuma cyumuriro wamashanyarazi hamwe nubugenzuzi bugomba kuba zeru- kurinda umutekano; Icya kabiri, ibikoresho byohereza nkibikoresho byamashanyarazi bigomba kurindwa guhuza zeru; icya gatatu, ibyuma bisya nka transformateur, generator, ibikoresho byo kumurika, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, hamwe nicyuma cya capacitori bigomba no kurindwa guhuza zeru. Icya kane, imirongo yicyuma, ihinduranya ibyuma, hamwe na capacitor yicyuma mumirongo yumurongo nayo igomba guhuzwa no kurinda zeru; Icya gatandatu, ibishishwa byicyuma cyibikoresho mucyumba cyamashanyarazi cyahantu hubatswe, inzugi zicyuma cyibice bizima, gariyamoshi nayo igomba guhuzwa na Zero-kurinda.

3) Amahame yo kubaka kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi nubufatanye bwubwubatsi. Muri gahunda yo kubaka, abakozi bashinzwe ubwubatsi n'abakozi bashinzwe ubwubatsi bafatanya cyane kandi bagafatanya mu buryo butandukanye ndetse n’imirimo itandukanye yo guteza imbere ibidukikije, kandi bakagerageza gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo batagira ibyangiritse, nta guta, nta byangiritse, kandi babigeraho -igihe cyo kubumba igihe gishoboka. Niba ari umushinga umwe, ugomba kuzuzwa nishami ryubwubatsi nishami rishinzwe kubaka amashanyarazi. Ishami rishinzwe ubwubatsi ritegura inzira yubwubatsi ku kintu, kandi impande zombi zifatanya hagati yazo gukora gahunda na gahunda yo kubaka siyanse kandi yumvikana.Ababigize umwuga nko gushyira ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi no gukoresha amashanyarazi ni igice cy'ingenzi mu mushinga w'ubwubatsi kandi kugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo kubaka. Kubwibyo, mugihe ishami ryubwubatsi ryerekana gahunda yubwubatsi, rigomba gusuzuma ibibazo bishobora kuvuka mugihe cyubwubatsi nibibazo bifitanye isano numwuga wo kubaka amashanyarazi, kandi ukabika umwanya uhagije wo gushiraho amashanyarazi kugirango habeho ubwubatsi bwiza.

2.Ubwubatsi bugezweho bwo gukumira amashanyarazi

1) Ahantu hagomba gushyirwaho abashinzwe kurinda imyanda. Ibidukikije byubatswe ahanini biragoye, kandi hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwibikoresho byubaka bikoreshwa. Mu bikoresho bimwe na bimwe bikoresha ibidukikije bikora, hagomba gushyirwaho ingamba zo gukingira amazi. Ibikoresho bigomba kwimurwa kenshi hamwe niterambere ryimiterere yinyubako. Amashanyarazi menshi ni ay'igihe gito, kandi kwishyiriraho abashinzwe kurinda kumeneka akenshi birengagizwa, bikaba byangiza ubuzima bwabakozi. Umutekano, hamwe niterambere rihamye ryumushinga wose. Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi hafi y'ibikoresho byangirika kandi byaka umuriro bigomba gushimangira ingamba z'umutekano. Ukurikije imiterere yimbuga zitandukanye, hitamo ibikoresho bifite imikorere ikwiye. Ntabwo byemewe guhagarara gitunguranye mugihe cyo gukora. Igishushanyo cyibikoresho byo guhagarika bisaba umuvuduko ufatika, kandi gushyira ibikoresho byo gutabaza bigomba gushimangirwa. Ikwirakwizwa ry'insinga z'amashanyarazi mu nyubako ziragoye, kandi ibice bishobora gutera ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuriro. Mu gishushanyo mbonera cya gahunda yo gukingira imyanda, birakenewe ko dusuzuma ibibazo nk’impuruza ya hawker no kureba ko uburyo bwo gucana byihutirwa bwongerwamo ingufu kugirango habeho umutekano, kuzamura umutekano w’inyubako, no gushora imari mu mushinga wose Koresha a urufatiro rwiza.

2) Guhitamo imikorere ikora yumurinzi utemba. Imikorere yimikorere irinda kumeneka ibikoresho byamashanyarazi inshuro enye cyangwa zirenze izipimwa zapimwe mugihe gisanzwe; imiyoboro ikora yumurinzi wo kumeneka mumurongo wo gukwirakwiza iruta inshuro 2,5 zumuvuduko wapimwe mugihe cyogukora gisanzwe, kandi mugihe kimwe, birakenewe kandi kwemeza ko imiyoboro yamashanyarazi yamashanyarazi nini nini yamenetse ari Inshuro 4 ziva mumashanyarazi mugihe gikora gisanzwe. Mugihe urinze umuyoboro wose, ibikorwa byacyo bigomba kuba byikubye kabiri ibyapimwe byapimwe. Muri icyo gihe, ibipimo ngenderwaho bikoreshwa byokwirinda kumeneka bigomba kugira umubare munini wivanga kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa byiyongera ryibikoresho byamashanyarazi no kugabanuka kwurwanya kwizunguruka ryumuzunguruko mugihe runaka. Nkubushyuhe bwibihe birinda ibihe, imyanda iriyongera.

3) Gushyira mubikorwa bine-pole na pole ebyiri. Ibipimo byumutekano wamashanyarazi nibisabwa byibanze ni ukugabanya umubare wabatumanaho, inkingi, hamwe nu murongo wibikoresho byamashanyarazi. Ihuza rihamye ryumuzunguruko hamwe nigenda ryimuka ryimikorere ya switch, nibindi, bitewe nimpamvu zitandukanye, bizatera impanuka kubera gutwara nabi. Cyane cyane ku nsinga zidafite aho zibogamiye mu byiciro bitatu, akaga gaterwa nubushobozi buke bwacyo karakomeye. Ibi ni ukubera ko iyo insinga idafite aho ibogamiye idakora neza, ibikoresho biracyakora, kandi akaga kihishe ntabwo byoroshye kubibona. Niba umutwaro wibyiciro bitatu utaringanijwe cyane, Ibi bizatuma voltage yibyiciro bitatu nayo ikunda kuba muburyo butaringanijwe, hanyuma igatwika ibikoresho byicyiciro kimwe, bityo rero birakenewe kugabanya ubwiyongere bwitumanaho kuri neutre umurongo uko bishoboka kose.

4) Gushyira mubikorwa guhuza ibikoresho. Guhuza ibikoresho ni uburyo bwo guhuza bisi ikingira zeru hamwe nu miyoboro yicyuma cyangwa ibikoresho byumuyoboro wa HVAC yinyubako, umuyoboro wa gazi, umuyoboro w’amazi n’indi miyoboro yicyuma hamwe ninsinga kugirango uhuze ubushobozi bwinyubako. Ubu buryo burakwiriye cyane cyane ahantu hashobora gutwikwa no guturika. Kumurongo umwe wicyiciro cya 220V, urinda kumeneka rushobora gukina gusa uruhare rwo kurinda itumanaho ritaziguye. Muri icyo gihe, ifite kandi ingaruka zubuzima bucye, guhura nabi nibindi bintu biterwa no kwambara ibice bya mashini hamwe no kudahungabana kwiza, bikaviramo akaga kihishe nko kunanirwa gukora. Ntishobora gukoreshwa nkigipimo cyiza cyo kurinda cyonyine. Guhuza ibikoresho biracyakenewe kugira ngo bikureho burundu ibibaho by’umuriro n’amashanyarazi hagati y’ibice by’ibyuma bishobora kuba bike hamwe n’ibikoresho bitemba cyangwa amashanyarazi, bityo birinda neza inkongi z’impanuka n’izindi mpanuka z'umutekano.

5) Ibibazo bigomba kwitabwaho mugukoresha kurinda amazi

a) Guhuza imiyoboro yamenetse yagabanijwe kurinda amazi

Kurinda isi kumeneka kugirango ukingire imizigo yumuriro wamashanyarazi, ibipimo byateganijwe byisi IΔn1 bigomba kuba byujuje imiterere ya IΔn1≤30mA; kurinda isi kumeneka kurinda umurongo wingenzi cyangwa amashami, icyerekezo cyumubyigano wapimye isi IΔn2 ni IΔn2 ≥1.25IΔn1; Kurinda kumeneka kumutwe wingenzi cyangwa kurinda imiyoboro nyamukuru, ibikorwa byayo byapimwe bigezweho IΔn3 mubisanzwe ni 300mA, ukurikije ibipimo bihuye, icyangombwa ni 300mA≥IΔn3≥1.25IΔn2. Kubwibyo, muri make, imikorere yimikorere yo gukingira irashobora kuvugwa muri make nka 300mA≥IΔn3≥1.25IΔn2, IΔn2≥1.25IΔn1, IΔn1≤30mA.

b) Guhuza igihe cyagenwe cyagenwe cyo kurinda kumeneka

Mbere ya byose, akurikije ibipimo bifatika biri muri "Amabwiriza yo Gushiraho no Gukoresha Kurinda Ameneka", atandukanya igihe cyagenwe cyagenwe cyo hejuru no munsi yurwego rwo hasi rwo kurinda isi ni 0.2s. Nkubwoko bwihuse, agaciro kagereranijwe kumpera yubuzima-burinda isi-isanzwe ikiri munsi ya 0.1s, Kandi amanota yabashinzwe kurinda icyiciro cya kabiri nicyiciro cya gatatu yarongerewe, kandi agaciro kabo ni 0.2s na 0.4s , imiterere idasanzwe yubukererwe bwigihe cyo gukingira ikoreshwa. Urugero, icyiciro cya mbere ni 0.1s munsi yicyiciro cya kabiri, naho icyiciro cya gatatu kigomba kongeramo 0.2s ikibanza cyubwubatsi ni ubwoko bwigihe ntarengwa, urashobora gukoresha ikiyapani kigezweho kugirango ukoreshwe nkibisobanuro Niba imiyoboro yamenetse ari IΔn, igihe cyibikorwa kiri hagati ya 0.2 na 1s; ni hagati ya 0.1s na 0.5s niba imiyoboro yamenetse ari 4.4IΔn, igihe cyibikorwa kiri muri 0.05s;

3.Icyegeranyo rusange

Icyiciro rusange-icyiciro kigufi gishobora kubyara amashanyarazi manini, ashobora gukingirwa na switch. Nyamara, kumeneka kwubu guterwa numubiri wumuntu wumuriro wumuriro no gusaza kumurongo hamwe nubutaka bwubutaka bwibikoresho biterwa numuyoboro wamazi. Imiyoboro yamenetse muri rusange kuri 30mA-3A, izi ndangagaciro ni nto cyane kuburyo abahindura gakondo badashobora kurinda, bityo hagomba gukoreshwa igikoresho cyo gukingira gisigaye gikoreshwa.

Ibisigisigi byubu bisigaye ni impinduka isigaye ihindura kugirango tumenye ibisigisigi bisigaye, kandi mugihe cyagenwe cyagenwe, mugihe umuyaga usigaye ugeze cyangwa urenze agaciro katanzwe, umwe cyangwa benshi basohora amashanyarazi mumashanyarazi mubikoresho byamashanyarazi bizafungura kandi bifunge.

Ibikurikira nibintu bitatu bikunze kumeneka.

1--sensibilité-RCD hamwe na I △ n≤30mA igomba gukoreshwa kugirango wirinde guhura n’amashanyarazi

2 sensitivity Ikigereranyo giciriritse RCD hamwe na I △ n irenga 30mA irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango wirinde guhura n’amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye.

3） Imirongo 4 cyangwa inkingi 2 RCD igomba gukoreshwa kuri RCD idacana umuriro.

Kuri sisitemu ya IT, ibisigisigi bigezweho bikoreshwa nkuko bisabwa. Mu rwego rwo gukumira insulasiyo ya sisitemu gutesha agaciro kandi nkuburinzi bwa kabiri bwo kurinda amakosa, ukurikije ubwoko bwa wiring, hafashwe ingamba zo gukingira zisa na TT cyangwa TN. Ubwa mbere, igikoresho cyo gukurikirana insulation kigomba gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane kunanirwa.

Kuri sisitemu ya TT, birashoboka ko relay isigaye. Kuberako iyo icyiciro kimwe cyubutaka kibaye, ikosa ryibintu ni bito cyane kandi biragoye kubigereranya. Niba imiyoboro ikora ya switch itagerwaho, voltage iteye ubwoba izagaragara kumazu. Muri iki gihe, insinga ya N igomba kunyura muri transformateur isigaye.

Kuri sisitemu ya TN-S, relay isigaye irashobora gukoreshwa. Kata amakosa vuba na bwangu kugirango utezimbere umutekano no kwizerwa. Muri iki gihe, insinga ya PE ntigomba kunyura muri transformateur, kandi insinga ya N igomba kunyura muri transformateur, kandi ntigomba guhagarara inshuro nyinshi.

Kuri sisitemu ya TN-C, ibisigisigi byubu ntibishobora gukoreshwa. Kuberako umurongo wa PE n'umurongo wa N byahujwe, niba umurongo wa PEN udasubiwemo inshuro nyinshi, iyo amazu afite ingufu, ibyinjira nibisohoka byumuhinduzi bingana, kandi ASJ yanze kwimuka; niba umurongo wa PEN uhagaritswe inshuro nyinshi, igice cyicyiciro kimwe cyumuyaga kizatemba mugisubiramo. Nyuma yo kugera ku gaciro runaka, ASJ yakoze nabi. Birakenewe guhindura sisitemu ya TN-C muri sisitemu ya TN-CS, ikaba ari imwe na sisitemu ya TN-S, hanyuma igahuza impinduka isigaye ihinduranya na sisitemu ya TN-S.

4.Intangiriro

Ikirangantego cya ASJ ya AcrelElectric irashobora gusigara irinda uburyo bwo kumeneka twavuze haruguru, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa ifatanije nurugendo rwa kure kugirango ihagarike amashanyarazi mugihe kugirango wirinde guhura bitaziguye no kugabanya imiyoboro yamenetse. Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nk'ikimenyetso cyo kugenzura ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi. Irakwiriye cyane cyane kurinda umutekano w’ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi mu mashuri, inyubako z’ubucuruzi, amahugurwa y’uruganda, amasoko, inganda n’amabuye y’amabuye y’amabuye, ishami ry’ingenzi mu rwego rwo kurinda umuriro, inyubako zifite ubwenge n’abaturage, metero, peteroli, imiti, itumanaho n’ishami ry’ingabo z’igihugu.

Ibicuruzwa bya ASJ bikurikirana bifite uburyo bubiri bwo kwishyiriraho. Urutonde rwa ASJ10 ni ibyuma byubatswe na gari ya moshi. Ibigaragara n'imikorere bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:

Kugaragara Icyitegererezo Igikorwa nyamukuru Imikorere itandukanye

Muri byo, itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko bwa AC nubwoko bwisigara bwibisigisigi ni: AC ubwoko bwibisigisigi byimyororokere ni ibisigisigi bya rezo isigaye ishobora kwemeza kugendagenda kwa sinusoidal isigaye ihindagurika ikoreshwa muburyo butunguranye cyangwa izamuka buhoro, kandi ikurikirana cyane sinusoidal guhinduranya ibimenyetso bigezweho. Ubwoko bwa relay isigaye ni relaire isigaye ishobora kwemeza kugendagenda kwa sinusoidal isigara ihindagurika yumuyaga hamwe nudusigisigi twa pulsating itaziguye ikoreshwa muburyo butunguranye cyangwa buhoro, kandi ahanini ikurikirana sinusoidal ihinduranya ibimenyetso byubu hamwe nibimenyetso byerekana neza.

Amashanyarazi yihariye hamwe nuburyo busanzwe bwigikoresho ni ibi bikurikira:

5 Umwanzuro

Mu iyubakwa ry’amashanyarazi rigezweho, ikoreshwa ryikingira rishobora kumeneka neza abaturage guhura n’amashanyarazi, kandi icyarimwe birashobora kwibutsa abakoresha gufata ingamba zikenewe zo kubarinda mugihe. Ibicuruzwa bya ASJ bisigaye bigezweho birashobora kugenzura imiyoboro yamenetse mumuzunguruko, mugihe imyanda yamenetse igeze cyangwa irenga.

Reba

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[2] Igishushanyo cya Microgrid Igishushanyo nigitabo cyo gusaba. 2020.6

[3] KaiHu. Isesengura rya tekinoroji yo gukingira imyanda mu iyubakwa ry’amashanyarazi y’inyubako [J]. Imiryango na Windows, 2017 (2).

PingYuan. Kuvuga kubyerekeye ikoreshwa ryokwirinda kumeneka mumutekano wamashanyarazi [J]. Ubushinwa Zone-tekinoroji, 2017 (23): 130-131.

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Ibyerekeye umwanditsi:JianguoWu, igitsina gabo, icyiciro cya mbere, AcrelCo., Ltd.